Substance Abuse Is A National Public Health Burden Essay

Substance abuse is a national public health burden that has significantly increased the rate of disability and mortality worldwide (Azizi, Borjali, Golzari; 2010; Wheeler, 2014; Wu, 2010). In fact, the most recent Global Burden of Disease Report estimated that almost twelve million people, who abused drugs, had moderate to severe disability (Wu, 2010). With regard to physical health, legal issues, social relationships, and occupational functioning, substance abuse affects all aspects of the individual s life (Azizi et al., 2010; Wu, 2010). Economically, substance abuse is a financial burden, which accounts for up to 3.3% of the health care cost and more than 6.4% of the safety costs (Wheeler, 2014). To address this problem, many treatment centers use a comprehensive approach for drug abuse treatment (Wheeler, 2014). Among the different treatment options, behavior therapy and counseling is one of the chief components in the patient s treatment plan (Wheeler, 2014). Based on current evidence, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), first developed for patients with borderline personality disorder, is as an effective therapeutic approach for individuals with substance abuse problems (Bornovalova et al., 2012; Gratz, Daughters, Hunt, Lejuez, 2012; Ã" ¦zdel, Ekinci, 2014). Therefore, the purpose of my paper is threefold: 1) review current literature about the effects of distress tolerance (DT) in substance abuse; 2) briefly discuss the efficacy of DBT in improving DTShow MoreRelatedMy Policy Change Will Be The Florida Stat e Board Of Nursing1544 Words   |  7 Pagesnursing and that is why for these and other reasons which I will later discuss, I have chosen this organization. The Florida board of nursing plays an essential role in health care regulation as the board members and staff interact regularly with other nursing associations affiliated with state legislators, as well as the National Council of State Board of Nursing. The board of nursing works with law politicians to change or invoke new healthcare policies, which play an integrate role in patient careRead MoreEssay on Adolescent Substance Abuse1656 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Header: Substance Abuse Adolescent Substance Abuse Dana Sweitzer Liberty University Abstract Adolescent substance abuse is a major problem in society. There are many risk factors that can contribute to adolescent substance abuse. One of the main risk factors is peer pressure. When adolescents start at a young age there is an increase in health problems, addiction, and over all poor social outcomes. Parental influence has substantial effect on adolescents because the adolescent seesRead MoreAddiction And Opioid Use For Drug Abuse954 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction and opioid use Drug abuse and addiction remain large and persistent problems. Nationally, addiction and abuse of all substances costs the economy an estimated $600 billion dollars annually. Indeed, over the past decade, illicit drug use appears to be steady or rising (2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health; DHHS). From this we see that prescription and non-prescription opioid use is particularly problematic. For example, prescription pain reliever misuse has remained consistentlyRead MoreThe Nations Drug Problem Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesconcern over the effects of drugs on the health of Americans. This is mainly due to the increased use of drugs by most citizens, which has caused the government to spend a lot of money to curb this problem. One of the most abused drugs is alcohol, and American citizens are increasingly becoming addicted to it. It is also the most undesirable drug, as it costs the government over $200 billion in terms of productivity, health and crime-related costs (Of fice of National Drug Control Policy 2). MarijuanaRead MoreThe Health Care Issue And Health Problem1632 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the health care issue or health problem(s) being addressed? Describe it in lay terms and tell the legislator why it is a problem needing legislative attention. The health care issue or health issues that raise a concern is that many people are suffering from alcoholism and are in need of immediate care but cannot afford the proper care. I firmly believe that free outpatient counseling can help those individuals diagnosed with alcoholism be able to steer in a sober direction. Alcohol useRead MoreWomen and Substance Abuse (Why?) Essay941 Words   |  4 Pages14 and the DSM IV defines substance abuse as â€Å"a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by recurrent and significant adverse consequences related to the repeated use of substances† (Ashman, 4th edition 2013, pg. 442). When researching my paper I decided to find the differences, if any, between women and male substance abusers. While researching for the ERA capstone project we did for human services, I found that causes of addiction in women was due to poverty, abuse, lack of resources and otherRead MoreHeroin Addiction : The United States1743 Words   |  7 Pages000 were addicted to heroin, and that number has doubled by 2013† (The National Institute on Drug Abuse 2013). The most affected populations include low income males, adolescents, and those who have a family history of addiction, due to their increased susceptibility and crime-ridden environment. While it may seem as though heroin addiction is â€Å"just another drug problem† in the U.S., it is actually a problem of major public health importance because there are numerous physical, economic, and socialRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Abuse1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe alcohol abuse definition is similar to alcoholism in that in both cases alcohol is causing harm to the drinker s life and those around them. The difference is that those who abuse alcohol, but are not yet alcoholics, typically can put some limitations on their drinking and they have not yet become physically addicted to alcohol. The key to the alcohol abuse definition is not in the amount of alcohol consumed but on how it affects an individual. Alcohol abuse is a psychiatric diagnosis in whichRead MoreThe Internet And Modern Media1509 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowers. Further on the topic of the internet and communication, teenage drug use is greatly affected by the perception of drug use. In accordance with the actions of role models, the internet and a teenager’s peer group will affect how they view such substances. For example, depending on this circle teenagers may avoid drug use or will partake. The reason being that their viewpoint on drugs will be a reflection of the messages and information that they surround themsel ves with. Moreover, misinformationRead MoreMandatory Drug Testing For Welfare Recipients1526 Words   |  7 Pageswas created during the Great Depression, it was meant to temporarily relieve the burdens of the one-fourth of American families who were unemployed, and struggling financially. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act in 1935, then amended it in 1939 to create programs to assist families with unemployment compensation, and to create government agencies to oversee these programs, including Health and Human Services. The purpose of the welfare program was to provide short-term

The Origins of the Domesticated Grapevine

Domesticated grapevine (Vitis vinifera, sometimes called V. sativa) was one of the most important fruit species in the classic Mediterranean world, and it is the most important economic fruit species in the modern world today. As in the ancient past, sun-loving grapevines are today cultivated to produce fruits, which are eaten fresh (as table grapes) or dried (as raisins), and, most especially, to make wine, a drink of great economic, cultural, and symbolic value. The Vitis family consists of about 60 inter-fertile species that exist almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere: of those, V. vinifera is the only one extensively used in the global wine industry. Approximately 10,000 cultivars of V. vinifera exist today, although the market for wine production is dominated by only a handful of them. Cultivars are typically classified according to whether they produce wine grapes, table grapes, or raisins. Domestication History Most evidence indicates that V. vinifera was domesticated in Neolithic southwest Asia between ~6000–8000 years ago, from its wild ancestor V. vinifera spp. sylvestris, sometimes referred to as V. sylvestris. V. sylvestris, while quite rare in some locations, currently ranges between the Atlantic coast of Europe and the Himalayas. A second possible center of domestication is in Italy and the western Mediterranean, but so far the evidence for that is not conclusive. DNA studies suggest that one reason for the lack of clarity is the frequent occurrence in the past of purposeful or accidental cross-breeding of domestic and wild grapes. The earliest evidence for wine production—in the form of chemical residues inside pots—is from Iran at Hajji Firuz Tepe in the northern Zagros mountains about 7400–7000 BP. Shulaveri-Gora in Georgia had residues dated to the 6th millennium BC. Seeds from what are believed to be domesticated grapes have been found in Areni Cave in southeastern Armenia, about 6000 BP, and Dikili Tash from northern Greece, 4450–4000 BCE. DNA from grape pips thought to be domesticated was recovered from Grotta della Serratura in southern Italy from levels dated to 4300–4000 cal BCE. In Sardinia, the earliest dated fragments come from the Late Bronze Age levels of the Nuragic culture settlement of Sa Osa, 1286–1115 cal BCE. Diffusion By about 5,000 years ago, grapevines were traded out to the western margin of the Fertile Crescent, the Jordan Valley, and Egypt. From there, the grape was spread throughout the Mediterranean basin by various Bronze Age and Classical societies. Recent genetic investigations suggest that at this distribution point, the domestic V. vinifera was crossed with local wild plants in the Mediterranean. According to the 1st century BCE Chinese historical record Shi Ji, grapevines found their way into East Asia in the late 2nd century BCE, when General Qian Zhang returned from the Fergana Basin of Uzbekistan between 138–119 BCE. Grapes were later brought to Changan (now Xian city) via the Silk Road. Archaeological evidence from the steppe society Yanghai Tombs indicates, however, that grapes were grown in the Turpan Basin (at the western edge of what is today China) by at least 300 BCE. The founding of Marseille (Massalia) about 600 BCE is thought to have been connected with grape cultivation, suggested by the presence of a large number of wine amphorae from its early days. There, Iron Age Celtic people bought large quantities of wine for feasting; but overall viticulture was slow-growing until, according to Pliny, retired members of the Roman legion moved to the Narbonnaisse region of France at the end of the 1st century BCE. These old soldiers grew grapes and mass-produced wine for their working colleagues and the urban lower classes. Differences Between Wild and Domestic Grapes The main difference between wild and domestic forms of grape is the wild forms ability to cross-pollinate: wild V. vinifera can self-pollinate, while domestic forms cannot, which allows farmers to control a plants genetic characteristics. The domestication process increased the size of bunches and berries, and the berrys sugar content as well. The end result was greater yields, more regular production, and better fermentation. Other elements, such as larger flowers and a wide range of berry colors—particularly white grapes—are believed to have been bred into the grape later in the Mediterranean region. None of these characteristics are identifiable archaeologically, of course: for that, we must rely on changes in grape seed (pips) size and shape and genetics. In general, wild grapes bear roundish pips with short stalks, while domestic varieties are more elongated, with long stalks. Researchers believe the change results from the fact that larger grapes have larger, more elongated pips. Some scholars suggest that when pip shape varies within a single context, that probably indicates viticulture in process. However, in general, using shape, size, and form is only successful if the seeds were not deformed by carbonization, water-logging, or mineralization. All of those processes are what allows grape pits to survive in archaeological contexts. Some computer visualization techniques have been used to examine pip shape, techniques which hold promise to resolve this issue. DNA Investigations and Specific Wines So far, DNA analysis doesnt really help either. It supports the existence of one and possibly two original domestication events, but so many deliberate crossings since then have blurred researchers ability to identify the origins. What does seem apparent is that cultivars were shared across wide distances, along with multiple events of vegetative propagation of specific genotypes throughout the wine-making world. Speculation is rampant in the non-scientific world about the origins of specific wines: but so far scientific support of those suggestions is rare. A few that are supported include the Mission cultivar in South America, which was introduced into South America by Spanish missionaries as seeds. Chardonnay is likely to have been the result of a medieval-period cross between Pinot Noir and Gouais Blanc that took place in Croatia. The Pinot name dates to the 14th century and might have been present as early as the Roman Empire. And Syrah/Shiraz, despite its name suggesting an Eastern origination, arose from French vineyards; as did Cabernet Sauvignon. Sources Bouby, Laurent, et al. Bioarchaeological Insights into the Process of Domestication of Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L.) During Roman Times in Southern France. PLoS ONE 8.5 (2013): e63195. Print.Gismondi, Angelo, et al. Grapevine Carpological Remains Revealed the Existence of a Neolithic Domesticated Vitis Vinifera L. Specimen Containing Ancient DNA Partially Preserved in Modern Ecotypes. Journal of Archaeological Science 69.Supplement C (2016): 75-84. Print.Jiang, Hong-En, et al. Archaeobotanical Evidence of Plant Utilization in the Ancient Turpan of Xinjiang, China: A Case Study at the Shengjindian Cemetery. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 165-77. Print.McGovern, Patrick E., et al. Beginnings of Viniculture in France. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110.25 (2013): 10147-52. Print.Orrà ¹, Martino, et al. Morphological Characterisation of Vitis Vinifera L. Seeds by Image Analysis and Comparison with Archaeological Remains . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22.3 (2013): 231-42. Print.Pagnoux, Clà ©mence, et al. Inferring the Agrobiodiversity of Vitis Vinifera L. (Grapevine) in Ancient Greece by Comparative Shape Analysis of Archaeological and Modern Seeds. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.1 (2015): 75-84. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Predictive Method for Correct Identification of Archaeological Charred Grape Seeds: Support for Advances in Knowledge of Grape Domestication Process. PLOS ONE 11.2 (2016): e0149814. Print.Ucchesu, Mariano, et al. Earliest Evidence of a Primitive Cultivar of Vitis Vinifera L. During the Bronze Age in Sardinia (Italy). Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24.5 (2015): 587-600. Print.Wales, Nathan, et al. The Limits and Potential of Paleogenomic Techniques for Reconstructing Grapevine Domestication. Journal of Archaeological Science 72.Supplement C (2016): 57-70. Print.Zhou, Yongfeng, et al. Evolutionary Genomics of Grape (Vitis Vinifera Ssp. Vinifera) Domestic ation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114.44 (2017): 11715-20. Print.

Supporting Evolution through God - 1621 Words

â€Å"In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.† This Bible quote has created great controversy throughout the years amongst Christians and the theory of evolution. I have heard numerous times, â€Å"Believing evolution makes you an unbeliever of God.† The reason for such belief is because the Bible states in Genesis that God created the heavens, Earth, and all that resides on Earth within seven days. Our society has whole-heartedly believed in these scriptures for over 2,000 years, so the development of the theory of evolution, which explained creation by gradual changes through natural selection, was too radical and contradictory to accept. However, what if the Bible in fact supported the idea of evolution? The Bible supports†¦show more content†¦This would describe why the Bible described the land appearing. By the time of land appearing, the Earth would have developed for over two billion years, and this is where the interesting events occurred†¦ the beginning of life. Research has shown that after a stable atmosphere and water was developed, an unclear event of favorable conditions allowed simple organisms such as bacteria to come into existence (Rosenberg). These organisms began to develop and improve into several different types of complex organisms that went separate routes in the evolutionary chain. Some bacteria developed into vegetation and covered the Earth more quickly than the other types of bacteria (Heckman). This agrees with the Bible when it stated after creating the land, â€Å"Let the land produce vegetation: plants and trees on the land that bear fruit with seed in it, according to their various kinds.† Vegetation may have developed from similar bacteria, but it was different factors and mutations in their cellular structures that created the billions of pla nt-life we have today. This could have occurred by chance again, or, God could have designed this development. With land present and vegetation now covering, God finished what he saw as his third day of work. One main miscalculation the Bible held was its description of God’s fourth day of work. It stated that God created the sun, moon, and stars on the fourth day to govern the day andShow MoreRelatedDarwin s Theory Of Evolution Of Species1354 Words   |  6 Pageswe derive from god, who created us all in his image. For the next thirty years, Darwin devoted himself to researching the long standing question â€Å"where did we come from?† Darwin became the first scientist to present a supported argument for evolution, with his crowned publication, â€Å"Origins of Species†, describing how all species derived from a common ancestor and have randomly mutated over generations into their current state. Naturally, the church presented the theory of evolution with oppositionRead MoreCreationism, The, And The Intelligent Designers1125 Words   |  5 PagesIs the Bible capable of supporting the idea of evolution? This is a question that tends to leave many Christians divided between science and theology. Over the years, various views have been formed in regards to this question. The Young Earth Creationists strongly oppose any mention of evolution. Old Earth Creationism is an umbrella term for the various ways in which Christians believe evolution fits into creation. Within this group are the theistic evolutionists, the progressive creationists, andRead MoreHow Charles Darwin Changed the World Forever1409 Words   |  6 Pagesevents in the world, and that man is Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin was a scientist who discovered the origin of life through a study on the Galapagos Islands. Before Darwin’s discovery, the world was looked upon as God’s playground where everything happened because of him. For example, if something bad happened to someone’s family like a disease it would be because they have angered God. Darwin lived during the dawn of reasoning and questioning. Men were now asking â€Å"how†, and â€Å"why†, in stead of justRead MoreThe And Evolution Between Creationism And Creationism1023 Words   |  5 Pagestime soon. The Ohio standards for science include evolution as a core component mandating that biology teachers incorporate natural selection and the history of life on earth as part of the curriculum. One strategy, presented by the National Center for Science Education is teaching the information and the positions that are held by people as a continuum. According to Eugenie Scott, many Americans consider the controversy between creationism and evolution as existing on a dichotomous scale. This beliefRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory On Evolution Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesWhere and how did life start, along with the creation of the universe and Earth? Charles Darwin’s theory on evolution, which is called natural selection, is based on the idea of species naturally adapting to their surrounding environment to better the species chances for survival. Creationism, on the ot her hand, is the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation. Both are theories on life, and how such life came to be thing we all know. It is notRead MoreCreationism vs. Darwinism: A Comparative Analysis1530 Words   |  6 PagesAdditionally, Darwinism is explored and the differences between Creationism and Darwinism are analyzed. Despite overwhelming evidence that supports the existence and validity of Darwinism, there are still arguments made that attempt to discredit evolution. The battle between Creationists and Darwinists extends beyond science and religion and has proliferated academia. Although this issue has often been presented before the courts at a federal level, Creationists have repeatedly lost their claims. Read MoreUsing Fossil Records to Compare Evolution and Creationism807 Words   |  3 PagesFossil Records: Evolution vs. Creation Defined in Biology, evolution is as a change in allele frequencies of a population. To more simply express, a change in the genetic coding (DNA) of a group of organisms. These changes can be as simple as eye or hair color, and as complex has the development of limb and finger bones as seen in evolution of fish to land-roaming tetrapods (Tiktaalik roseae). A strong factor supporting evolution is the history of life as documented by fossils, known as the fossilRead MoreThe World And The Word By Eugene Merrill, Mark Rooker And Michael Grisanti1299 Words   |  6 Pagesof creation; how exactly was the earth created? Creationism and evolution have become progressively more controversial within the Christian body. In The World And The Word by Eugene Merrill, Mark Rooker and Michael Grisanti explains the three major positions on the creation of the universe: the theistic evolution, in which absolute evolution and natural selection occur, old-earth creationism, involving divine interventi on and evolution, and young-earth creationism, consisting of six solar days (180)Read MoreCreation Versus Evolution in Schools770 Words   |  3 PagesCreation vs. Evolution: the School Front Despite great efforts to convince the opposing belief for centuries, a battle still brews amongst creationists and evolutionists over the beginning of life and the universe, but neither opinions’ palpability can be firmly upheld through scientific manners. Since science can only prove hypotheses that are testable and based on current observations, neither creation nor evolutionary concepts can be proven with irrefutable evidence. However, regardless of theRead MoreDoes the Theory of Evolution Contradict Creation?1326 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Darwin and christianity These days , a number of the view that the theory of evolution as formulated by Charles Darwin is not against religion . There also was not convinced that the theory of evolution but still also contribute in teaching and redistribute it . This would not have happened if they really understand the theory. This is due to the inability to understand the dogma of Darwinism , including the views of the most dangerous of these theories are indoctrinated to the society

How prejudices of 1930s America are reflected in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example For Students

How prejudices of 1930s America are reflected in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Being Southerners, it was a source of shame to some members of the family that we had no recorded ancestors on either side of the Battle of Hastings. This is just the first of many prejudice statements in To Kill a Mockingbird. We learn here the high expectations set in the society of Maycomb, a tired old town, in the 1930s. Not only were there the social snobberies, but also the racism. In the 1930s, the civil war was still fresh in many minds, The United States of America was going through a period of isolation due to this. The northern states had become independent and many had started accepting blacks in their country, although this was not the case in the southern states such as Maycomb, who continued to use blacks as their hands. The southern whites could not come to accept them as equals and this was mainly due to fear and ignorance. However if whites did not let blacks into their social scene, churches, clubs and schools, then most blacks in turn did not allow whites invading their world either. A prime example of this is when Scout and Jem Finch are invited by their black cook Calpurnia to visit her church, You aint got no business bringin white chillun here-they got their church, we got ourn. This is a comment made by Lula, a church regular. Jem and Scout begin to feel uncomfortable and want to go home but none of the other church members let them, they are in fact mighty glad to have them. This shows how blacks are willing to take a white person over a wrong black person but later in the novel, we see how a white would never take a guilty white person over an innocent black. Although Lula may be wrong, she is a good example of a person clearly not afraid to fight the white people for black justice. Which most black people would not dare to do in the 1930s, the time in which Harper Lees novel is set. It is very important that this book is written in the eyes of a child, Scout Finch. She is still young and not yet exposed to the prejudices in her society, therefore her views are neither black or white and are in no way influenced by others but simply her own opinion. However, scout is unusually aware of everything that is going on around her for a child of such a small age, but this brings us back to the reality of the book that it is fictional and not real. The Ewells had been the disgrace of Maycomb for three generations. None of them had done an honest days work in his recollection they were people, but they lived like animals, these are the words of Atticus Finch, father of Scout. He in the novel plays a very important role as setting the right example to his children. There are many influences from their surroundings of racism and class differences but he teaches them that prejudice is wrong, without him they would only be taught what is right in their society, which is wrong in reality. Atticus continues his opinion of Bob Ewell the father of the Ewells, its certainly bad, but when a man spends his relief cheques on green whisky his children have a way of crying from hunger pains. This is bad enough on its own but when he is favoured over an innocent black man, Tom Robinson, in a court case, just because he is white, the image of Bob becomes not only heartless but disgusting. .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b , .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b .postImageUrl , .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b , .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b:hover , .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b:visited , .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b:active { border:0!important; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b:active , .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud419511fc808dfb82d0138d9476bec1b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History in To Kill a Mockingbird EssayWhen Atticus is asked to defend Tom Robinson in the court case of Bob accusing him of raping his daughter, Mayella Ewell, he takes it on. He says I cant go to church and worship God if I didnt try and help that man. This shows how Atticus was an important man in society in the 1930s, without him there would be no progress into eliminating racism. He is taking a baby step, the beginning of a change. There is much evidence that Bob is guilty when he says he did not want to call the doctor for Mayella when he saw her condition because it would have cost him five dollars. My argument is that if he was more worried about money then his daughters health then surely he would not of gone to so much trouble convicting someone because Mayella was rapped. It was clearly a set up to take a black man to jail knowing that when its a white mans word against a black mans, the white man always wins. Although we know that anyone whether they are black or white can still be a bad person, Harper Lee tries to make the black peoples world so calm and loving and portraying them as having biblical patience. Then as a major contrast, we are introduced to white characters that resort to drink and have bad tempers such as Bob Ewell. This contrast is important although it is an exaggeration it is the only way we see how disgusting and pointless racism was in the 1930s, and still is now. Towards the end of the book we see Aunt Alexandra start to see straight through her fellow neighbours, I mean this town. Theyre perfectly willing to let him do what they are too afraid to do themselves. She addresses that there are white people willing to accept the black people but they are just too afraid to bring their opinions forward as they think they will be criticised by others. What these people do not realise is that there are many with the same feelings and again too afraid to admit. By not expressing them, it is nearly impossible for any changes to be made in their society, as this leads to generations after generations continuing to be influenced by what is wrong. The alienation of Boo Radley is another form of prejudice in the novel. He is a man named Arthur but nicknamed Boo. He lives in a dark house and never comes out which is why the children are curious to find out who he is and what he looks like. Scout and Jems understanding and sympathy for him becomes stronger throughout the book. They begin with the assumption that he is a malevolent phantom and Miss Stephanie the local gossip only made their imaginations run wilder. She tells them that he stabbed his mother with scissors but the sheriff hadnt the heart to put him in jail alongside Negroes. Racism and alienation both in the same paragraph, Harper Lee really tries hard to get the point across about what is right and what is wrong, and clearly succeeds. We have seen many occasions in the book where whites have been made higher than blacks no mater what their reputation and here is another. Arthur is a warm-hearted man, we know this as he stitched up Jems trousers when he trespassed in his garden. He covered up Scout with a blanket in order to keep her warm when Miss Maudies house was on fire and then he saved both their lives from Bob Ewell when he tried to kill them. How can this be the doings of an evil man? .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a , .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a .postImageUrl , .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a , .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a:hover , .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a:visited , .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a:active { border:0!important; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a:active , .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue7f18baf1bcf45d6e6794276fd995e1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The American Renaissance is a time that American writers received more recognition as to the quality of their works EssayThe answer is simple, its not. Scout and Jem realise this towards the end of the book that this man is being tormented just because he is different. He is a person who does no harm but who himself is harmed for no reason, why would he want to come out of his house if he thinks he is going to be bombarded with hate? I think Im beginning to understand why Boo Radleys stayed shut up in the house all this time its because he wants to stay inside. To Kill a Mockingbird raises various issues on class and racial equality, but will it ever be eliminated? In my o pinion, I do not think it will. There will always be certain people who can not cope with the idea of a black man and a white man getting along. Nevertheless, with role models like Atticus in our society, we can be taught so that the majority knows what is right and will not be afraid to speak their views. Nelson Mandela was an important figure in racial equality, he was listened to by millions and hopefully influenced many people to believe in what is right and not what they think is right. Influence is the only probable cause of prejudice because it is what you have grown up on, its like starting from A and going to B. If you are told the alphabet goes from A to B then that is what you will think is correct and what you will teach others. But if you are taught it goes from A to C you are being told otherwise without realising it is wrong, therefore will be teaching others what is not right. We know Atticus managed to get his view across to at least a few people such as his children, Miss Maudie and even Aunt Alexandra the same woman who said saying nigger was correct, seemed to see sense. It is also up to us not to give up just as Atticus did not. We saw he did his best in court and so did the black people when they showered him with gifts of appreciation. They also showed him much respect, the Negroes were getting to their feet as Atticus walked down the court room aisle despite loosing the case. The whole book revolves around Scout, if it was not told by her it would be from a totally different angle and give a different view. Harper Lee tells it very clearly, as if the whole story is a test for scout to find out where she stands or where she wants to stand in her society. We find out what a strong character she is during the end of the novel after having encountered much racism surrounding her and still not being sucked in.