Social Studies Sba on Alcohol Abuse - 1429 Words

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The successful completion of this study is as a result of the helping hands of numerous individuals. I thank the people of Community X for their massive cooperation in answering the questionnaires given. Also , to my friends, who helped with the distribution of the questionnaires and my family for the giving me the hope and strength to persevere. Lastly, much gratitude is extended to my teacher for guiding me in every step of the way throughout my investigations. Social studies†¦show more content†¦How long have you been a member of Community X?__________________ 5. To what age group do you belong? Under 12 12-14 15-16 17-19 6. As a youth, which of the following influences you to consume alcohol? Peer pressure For the fun of it Out of curiosity Depression 7. When do you often consume alcohol? Special Occasions Partying To gain popularity I do not drink

Management Accounting - Cost Classification - 2266 Words

COST CLASSIFICATION ASSIGNMENT To classify the various costs would first of all require a definition between the two types of accounting that practically all businesses have to face and a number of key terms which are equally important. These are management accounting and financial accounting. 1. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING: Management accounting is concerned with decision making, cost apportionment, planning and control. It is based within the organisation and is solely for the use of the managers to conduct their business dealings. The process of management accounting is proactive meaning the company is looking ahead, not backwards. Financial accounting on the other hand is externally based and is†¦show more content†¦This means that it is up to them on how many employees they would like to work on a certain process. This is also the case with direct materials and variable overheads. However, there are also costs which can be controlled up to a certain extent, such as advertising costs. In this case, a department manager would be able to control how much of the allocated advertising budget is spent in their department. However, once this budget is spread throughout the whole company, it will be difficult for that particular manager to oversee budgets in the other departments. Incremental costs are those cost which increase or decrease because of an increase or decrease in one whole unit of output. As an example, the incremental cost of increasing the level of software packages from 10 units to 15 units is the additional cost for Microsoft of producing five extra units of software packages Many costs within the manufacturing industry can be easily separated from fixed and variable costs. The method used to achieve this is known as Cost Separation. The calculation for this is very simple and it enables the management to work out how much an individual unit will cost so that pricing and other useful decisions such as planning and control. The following example utilizes the Hi/Low method to explain how costs can be separated: (Hi Low Method): Units of chocolate bar: Total Cost: Total variable cost: TotalShow MoreRelatedManagement Accounting Report Cost Classification2913 Words   |  12 Pages | JUPITER LIMITED Management Accounting Report Prepared for: Jupiter Ltd. Chief executive officer Prepared by: Date: April 03 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING 3 CLASSIFICATION OF COSTS 4 INVENTORY VALUATION METHODS 7 RECOMENDATIONS 11 Bibliography 12 Jupiter Ltd. 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With entitiesRead MoreChapter 1 Revew Accounting Help1048 Words   |  5 Pagesof the following entities would not require accounting information pertaining to their economic activities?  Ã¢â‚¬ ¨a.  Social clubs.†¨b.  Not-for-profit entities.†¨c.  State governments.†¨D.  All of these require accounting information.†¨e.  None of these requires accounting information.    †¨Difficulty: Easy†¨Ã‚   2.  Which of the following is not an objective of financial reporting described in FASB Concepts Statement No. 1?  Ã¢â‚¬ ¨a.  To provide information about how management of an enterprise has discharged its stewardshipRead MoreWhy Did The Fasb Embark On A Project Change The Reporting Standard For Leases?1143 Words   |  5 Pageschange the reporting standard for leases? Under the current financial reporting standards for leases, an entity has to determine the classification of leases to account for by applying bright-line rules. This creates a potential opportunity for management to structure leases in order to achieve a specific desired accounting results (FASB). In addition, the current accounting model does not require operating leases to be recognized on the balance sheet. As a result, investors may underestimate the assetsRead MoreWhy Did It Take The Internal Auditors More Than A Year?780 Words   |  4 Pages Auditing Questions: Why did it take the internal auditors more than a year to dictate the classifications? In May, 2002, Cynthia Cooper, WorldCom s internal auditor, discovered the treatment of line costs as capital expenditures. The internal auditor discussed the mistreatment with the CFO (chief financial officer), Scott D. Sullivan, and the company s controller, David F. Myers. Prior to or on June the 12th, the matter was reported to the head of the auditRead MoreIntroduction to Management Accounting Terms and Examples1202 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to Management Accounting Terms and examples Accounting is the process of analyzing and recording transactions for the purpose of preparing reports for statutory reporting, decision making and control.    Types of accounting Bookkeeping is the recording of financial transactions. Transactions include sales, purchases, income, receipts and payments by an individual or organization. Bookkeeping is usually performed by a bookkeeper. Bookkeeping should not be confused with accounting. The accounting

Folk etymology free essay sample

Content Introduction 1. Etymology as a subdivision of linguistics 2. Folk etymology as a productive force 3. Cases of word alteration by common people etymology 4. Other linguistic communications 5. Acceptability of ensuing signifiers Decision Mentions Introduction Folk etymology is a lingual phenomenon whereby borrowed or antediluvian phrases are reinterpreted harmonizing to analogy with other comon words or phrases in the linguistic communication. Etymology refers to the beginning of words. For illustration, the etymology of etymology can be traced through Old English and Latin to the Grecian roots etymo, intending true , and Sons, intending word . In common people etymology, talkers af a linguistic communication assume the etymology of a word or phrase by comparing it to similar-sounding words or phrases that already exist in the linguistic communication. A word or phrase is typically considered a common people etymology merely if it has changed from its original borrowed signifier as a consequence of the reinterpreted etymology. If talkers assume an incorrect beginning of a word or phrase, but its pronunciation and/or spelling are unchanged, so the term is non referred to as a common people etymology. For case, some people assume that the English word history is a combination of the words his and narrative, but the word really can be traced through Old French and Latin to the Grecian root historia, intending knowledge through enquiry, record, or narrative . While the reading his narrative is a common people etymology, the word history is non decently referred to as such, as the reinterpretation does non impact its signifier. Folk etymology is a term used in two distinguishable ways: A normally held misinterpretation of the beginning of a peculiar word, a false etymology. The popular perversion of the signifier of words in order to render it seemingly important [ 1 ] ; the procedure by which a word or phrase, normally one of apparently opaque formation, is randomly reshaped so as to give a signifier which is considered to be more crystalline. [ 2 ] The term folk etymology , as mentioning both to erroneous beliefs about derivation and the consequent alterations to words, is derived from the German Volksetymologie. Similar footings are found in other linguistic communications, e.g. Volksetymologie itself in Danish and Dutch, Afrikaans Volksetimologie, Swedish Folketymologi, and full analogues in non-Germanic linguistic communications, e.g. French # 201 ; tymologie populaire, Hungarian N # 233 ; petimol # 243 ; Armed Islamic Group ; an illustration of an alternate name is Italian Pseudoetimologia. 1.Etymology as a subdivision of linguistics The etymology of a word refers to its beginning and historical development: that is, its earliest known usage, its transmittal from one linguistic communication to another, and its alterations in signifier and significance. Etymology is besides the term for the subdivision of linguistics that surveies word histories. So, what s the Difference Between a Definition and an Etymology? A definition tells us what a word means and how it s used in our ain clip. An etymology tells us where a word came from ( frequently, but non ever, from another linguistic communication ) and what it used to intend. For illustration, harmonizing to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the definition of the word catastrophe is an happening doing widespread devastation and hurt ; a calamity or a grave bad luck. But the etymology of the word catastrophe takes us back to a clip when people normally blamed great bad lucks on the influence of the stars. Catastrophe foremost appeared in English in the late sixteenth century, merely in clip for Shakespeare to utilize the word in the drama King Lear. It arrived by manner of the Old Italian word disastro, which meant unfavourable to one s stars. This older, astrological sense of catastrophe becomes easier to understand when we study its Latin root word, astrum, which besides appears in our modern star word uranology. With the negative Latin prefix dis- ( apart ) added to astrum ( star ) , the word ( in Latin, Old Italian, and Middle French ) conveyed the thought that a calamity could be traced to the evil influence of a star or planet ( a definition that the dictionary Tells us is now disused ) . Is the Etymology of a Word Its True Definition? Not at all, though people sometimes try to do this statement. The word etymology is derived from the Grecian word root, which means the true sense of a word. But in fact the original significance of a word is frequently different from its modern-day definition. The significances of many words have changed over clip, and older senses of a word may turn uncommon or disappear wholly from mundane usage. Catastrophe, for case, no longer means the evil influence of a star or planet, merely as consider no longer means to detect the stars. Let s expression at another illustration. Our English word wage is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language as fixed compensation for services, paid to a individual on a regular footing. Its etymology can be traced back 2,000 old ages to sal, the Latin word for salt. If a word s etymology is non the same as its definition, why should we care at all about word histories? Well, for one thing, understanding how words have developed can learn us a great trade about our cultural history. In add-on, analyzing the histories of familiar words can assist us to infer the significances of unfamiliar words, thereby enriching our vocabularies. Finally, word narratives are frequently both entertaining and thought arousing. As any child can state you, words are merriment. 2.Folk etymology as a productive force Folk etymology is peculiarly of import because it can ensue in the alteration of a word or phrase by analogy with the erroneous etymology which is popularly believed to be true and supposed to be therefore restored . In such instances, folk etymology is the trigger which causes the procedure of lingual analogy by which a word or phrase alterations because of a popularly-held etymology, or misinterpretation of the history of a word or phrase. Here the term folk etymology is besides used ( originally as a stenography ) to mention to the alteration itself, and cognition of the popular etymology is indispensable for the ( more complex ) true etymology of the ensuing hybridized word. Other misconceptions which leave the word unchanged may of class be ignored, but are by and large non called popular etymology. The inquiry of whether the resulting use is right or wrong depends on one s impression of rightness and is in any instance distinct from the inquiry of whether a given etymology is right. Until academic linguistics developed the comparative survey of linguistics and the development of the Torahs underlying phonic alterations, the derivation of words was a affair largely of guess-work, sometimes right but more frequently incorrect, based on superficial resemblances of signifier and the similar. This popular etymology has had a powerful influence on the signifiers which words take ( e.g. crayfish or crayfish, from the Gallic crevis, modern crevisse, or sand-blind, from samblind, i.e. semi- , half-blind ) , and has often been the juncture of homonyms ensuing from different etymologies for what appears a individual word, with the original significance ( s ) reflecting the true etymology and the new significance ( s ) reflecting the incorrect popular etymology. The term common people etymology , as mentioning both to erroneous beliefs about derivation and the consequent alterations to words, is derived from the German Volksetymologie. Similar footings are found in other linguistic communications, e.g. Volksetymologie itself in Danish and Dutch, Afrikaans Volksetimologie, Swedish Folketymologi, and full analogues in non-Germanic linguistic communications, e.g. Gallic Etymologie populaire, Magyar Nepetimologia ; an illustration of an alternate name is Italian Pseudoetimologia. 3.Cases of word alteration by common people etymology In lingual alteration caused by common people etymology, the signifier of a word changes so that it better matches its popular rationalization. For illustration: Old English sam-blind ( semi-blind or half-blind ) became dim-sighted ( as if blinded by the sand ) when people were no longer able to do sense of the component surface-to-air missile ( half ) . Old English bryd-guma ( bride-man ) became bridegroom after the Old English word guma fell out of usage and made the compound semantically vague. The soundless s in island is a consequence of common people etymology. The word, which derives from an Old English compound of # 299 ; eg = island , was mistakenly believed to be related to isle , which came via Old French from Latin insula ( island ) . More recent illustrations: Gallic ( e ) crevisse ( likely from Germanic krebiz ) which became the English spiny lobster. Asparagus officinales, which in England became sparrow-grass. cater-corner became kitty-corner or catty-corner when the original significance of cater ( four ) had become disused. Other alterations due to folk etymology include: button hole from buttonhold ( originally a cringle of twine that held a button down ) Charterhouse from Chartreux agnail from hangnail penthouse from pentice sweetie from sweetard ( the same postfix as in stupid and dotard ) shamefaced from shamefast ( caught in shame ) daybed sofa from daybed longue ( long chair ) priggish from priggish When a back-formation rests on a misinterpretation of the morphology of the original word, it may be regarded as a sort of common people etymology. In heraldry, a rebus coat-of-arms ( which expresses a name by one or more elements merely important by virtuousness of the supposed etymology ) may reenforce a common people etymology for a noun proper, normally of a topographic point. The same procedure sometimes influences the spelling of proper names. The name Antony/Anthony is frequently spelled with an H because of the Elizabethan belief that it is derived from Greek # 945 ; # 957 ; # 952 ; # 959 ; # 962 ; ( flower ) . In fact it is a Roman household name, likely intending something like ancient . 4.Other linguistic communications See the undermentioned articles that discuss common people etymologies for their topics: campanile ( architecture ) blunderbuss Brass monkey Brent Goose Cesarean subdivision daybed longue Ducking stool crayfish gringo Jerusalem artichoke canvass revenue enhancement Rake-hell Juneberry sincere Welsh Welsh rabbit The Gallic verb savoir ( to cognize ) was once spelled s # 231 ; avoir, in order to associate it with the Latin scire ( to cognize ) . In fact it is derived from sapere ( to be wise ) . The spelling of the English word posthumous reflects a belief that it is derived from Latin station humum, literally after the Earth , in other words after burial. In fact the Latin postumus is an old superlative of station ( after ) , formed in the same manner as optimus and ultimus. Medieval Latin has a word, bachelarius ( unmarried man ) , of unsure beginning, mentioning to a junior knight, and by extension to the holder of a University grade inferior to Master or Doctor. This was later re-spelled baccalaureus to reflect a false derivation from bacca laurea ( laurel berry ) , touching to the possible laurel Crown of a poet or vanquisher. Olisipona ( Lisbon ) was explained as deducing from the metropolis s supposed foundation by Ulysses, though the colony surely antedates any Grecian presence. 5.Acceptability of ensuing signifiers The inquiry of whether the resulting use is right or wrong depends on one s impression of rightness ; at any rate it is a separate issue from the inquiry of whether the false etymology is right. When a baffled apprehension of etymology produces a new signifier today, there is typically opposition to it on the portion of those who see through the confusion, but there is no inquiry of long-established words being considered incorrect because common people etymology has affected them. Chaise sofa and Welsh Welsh rabbit are disparaged by many, but shamefaced and button holes are universally accepted. The term folk etymology , as mentioning both to erroneous beliefs about derivation and the consequent alterations to words, is derived from the German Volksetymologie.Similar footings are found in other linguistic communications, e.g. volksetymologie in Dutch, Afrikaans volksetymologie, Danish folkeetymologi, Swedish folketymologi, and full analogues in non-Germanic linguistic communications, e.g. Hungarian n # 233 ; petimol # 243 ; Armed Islamic Group, French # 233 ; tymologie populaire and Israeli Hebrew etimol # 243 ; gya amam # 237 ; T ( popular etymology ) . Examples of alternate names are Italian pseudoetimologia and paretimologia ( lt ; paraetimologia ) , every bit good as English etymythology. The phenomenon becomes particularly interesting when it feeds back into the development of the word and therefore becomes a portion of the true etymology. Because a population wrongly believes a word to hold a certain beginning, they begin to articulate, spell, or otherwise util ize the word in a mode appropriate to that perceived beginning, in a sort of misplaced pedantry. Thus a new standard signifier of the word appears which has been influenced by the misconception. In such instances it is frequently said that the signifier of the word has been altered by common people etymology . ( Less normally, but found in the etymological subdivisions of the OED, one might read that the word was altered by pseudo-etymology, or false etymology. ) Pyles and Algeo give the illustration of Chester shortss for chest of shortss ; likewise, daybed sofa for daybed longue . Decision There are many illustrations of common people etymology in common English words and phrases. For illustration, penthouse is derived from the Old French apentiz, intending approximately, that which is appended to , but English talkers reinterpreted the word to include the English house, since a penthouse is a topographic point where person lives. Similarly, primrose, a type of flower, was reinterpreted by manner of common people etymology to include the English name of another flower, rose, although the word was originally borrowed from Old Gallic primerole. Mentions 1. # 1040 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1088 ; # 1091 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1043 ; . # 1041 ; . # 1051 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1080 ; # 1103 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1103 ; # 1079 ; # 1099 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 8211 ; # 1052 ; . : # 1044 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1092 ; # 1072 ; , 2000 2. # 1050 ; # 1074 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1044 ; . # 1030 ; . # 1055 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1091 ; # 1084 ; # 1079 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1082 ; # 1089 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1110 ; # 1111 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1089 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1111 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1110 ; # 1081 ; # 1089 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1111 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 8211 ; # 1042 ; # 1110 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1094 ; # 1103 ; : # 1042 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; . # 171 ; # 1053 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1082 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1075 ; # 1072 ; # 187 ; , 2001 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com/topic/etymology.aspx 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-FOLKETYMOLOGY.html 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //grammar.about.com/od/words/a/Etymologywords.htm 6. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology

The Scarlet Letter Essays (1043 words) - English-language Films

The Scarlet Letter THE BOOK LOG ON: The Scarlet Letter Period 4 Adv. English 11 November 2, 1999 The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorn begins by dealing with Hester Prynne's crime and sentence. She shows herself to be a proud woman in how she embroiders her bright red ?A? with golden thread to be displayed to her community. She is a skilled seamstress and she doesn't seem, despite her disgrace, to be afraid to show that about herself. When she walked down the street from the prison to the scaffold, the narrator talks about her realization of how foolish and cowardly she would be if she were to try to hide her mark with the product of her sin, her baby girl. She carries off her initial sentence of being showcased on the scaffold with as much dignity as possible for anyone in such a situation. The reactions of the people were interesting to me; their strong feelings against Hester being permitted to live startled me. I realized what a sort of culture and religion ruled in those times. Also, I couldn't quite imagine being in Hester's position with the kind of disgrace she was fa ced with. The narrator describes Hester as totally losing her womanly appeal and beauty over the seven years of condemnation. Roger Chillingworth confused me greatly until near the conclusion of the book. When he visited Hester I was surprised that he wanted to treat her instead of trying to harm her, but then later realized his motives. He wanted no one in the community to learn that there was any relationship between Hester and himself at all; harming her would have raised suspicions. This was vital to his plan of revenge on Mr. Dimmesdale. At first I thought that Chillingworth might have tried to seek revenge against Hester, but then came to the conclusion that he viewed her public disgrace as more punishment than he could ever have managed. Chillingworth's revenge was very clever. Everyone in the town knew and respected him and this helped him gain ?friendship? with Dimmesdale. Although I didn't understand at first that Chillingworth was actually poisoning Dimmesdale while he was supposed to be treating him, this aspect of his revenge made more sense, as I got further into the book. The cruelty of it wa s terrible, but it accomplished his goal of torturing him while he should have taken his rightful punishment for the crime he committed from the beginning. My opinion of Arthur Dimmesdale changed quite a bit from when I was first introduced to him until the end of the book. At first I thought that he was a cold heartless, cowardly man for not taking his part of the blame in the two-sided crime of adultery. His actions forced Hester to take all of the disgrace on herself. I believe that her disgrace was increased because there was no second person to take some of it. The townspeople looked at her as though she had committed the crime all by herself. The amount of guilt that Dimmesdale carried with him for not confessing right away was phenomenal. The longer he waited, the harder it became for him to confess, the more his guilt built up, and the easier it was for Chillingworth to torture him. The fact that he became physically sick with guilt amazed me, especially since I didn't realize that part of his sickness was credited to Chillingworth until later. His vigil and meeting with Hester and Pearl in the wee hours of the morning on the sc affold was the turning point of my impression of him. Pearl's role in the story, I felt, was the scarlet letter come to life. This is shown in several ways. She is a product of what Hester's red ?A? represents and is usually dressed in shades of scarlet. She is described as having elfish qualities about her. Elves are most commonly thought to be mischievous and evil, which are both characteristics of the adultery the scarlet letter represents. In my opinion, the most interesting aspect of Pearl's character is her reaction to seeing her mother without her brand and cap when she meets with Mr. Dimmesdale in the forest. She acted almost as if she didn't